ABSTRACT
Background: Inflammatory Bowell Diseases (IBD), either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Chron's disease (CD) are commonly associated with intestinal malabsorption, and insufficient levels 1-25 hydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D). These insufficient levels could be linked with an increased risk of clinical disease activity. Aim: To report vitamin D levels in patients with IBD living in Southern Chile and their possible association with clinical disease activity. Material and Methods: A prospective, observational study in outpatients with IBD living in Los Angeles, Chile. Demographic data and clinical activity using clinical scores were recorded. Vitamin D levels and fecal calprotectin were measured. Results: We studied 44 patients, 32 (73%) with UC and 12 (27%) with CD. The median age at diagnosis was 33 years old. Forty-one (93%) had mild-inactive disease and 3 (7%) a moderate disease. Mean vitamin D levels were 15.2 ± 7.1 ng/ml. Twenty five percent of patients had sufficient levels (> 20 ng/ml), 35% insufficient levels and 40% poor levels. No association between these levels and disease activity was found. Conclusions: These patients with IBD had a high frequency of hypovitaminosis D.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Vitamin D Deficiency/complications , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Colitis, Ulcerative , Vitamin D , Prospective StudiesSubject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Parasitology/history , Veterinary Medicine/history , Zoology/history , Ticks , Birds , Chile , MitesABSTRACT
Introducción: La canula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) corresponde a un sistema de oxigenoterapia capaz de aplicar un flujo de gas de hasta 60 L/min a través de cánulas nasales. Este sistema es tolerable por el paciente debido a que el gas inspirado se encuentra calefaccionado y humidificado (temperatura de 34 37ºC, entregando una humedad relativa de 100%). El uso de este equipo es cada vez mayor, especialmente en el manejo de pacientes con falla respiratoria hipoxémica. Sin embargo no hay claridad del nivel de humedad que entrega, especialmente a altos flujos. Objetivo: Determinar el aporte real de humedad entregado por la CNAF a distintos flujos de operación. Métodos: Estudio in vitro, donde se utilizó un equipo de CNAF marca Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, modelo AIRVO®. Las mediciones de humedad relativa (H.R.) y temperatura se realizaron en una cámara ambiental de acrílico donde se conectó la cánula nasal. Para la medición de H.R. y temperatura se utilizó un higrómetro digital (Marca Veto®, Italia). Cada medición requirió un tiempo de 30 minutos para lograr un valor estable dentro de la cámara ambiental. Se realizaron mediciones a flujos de 15, 30, 40 y 50 LPM. Resultados: Las mediciones se realizaron a temperatura ambiental de 21,8 ºC y a una humedad relativa de 39%. Para un flujo programado en el equipo de 15 LPM y temperatura de 37ºC, se logra en la cámara ambiental una temperatura de 28,5ºC, con una humedad relativa de 95%. Para un flujo programado de 30 LPM y temperatura de 37ºC, se logra en la cámara ambiental una temperatura de 29,8ºC, con una humedad relativa de 97%. Para flujos operativos de 40 y 50 LPM, la temperatura y humedad relativa generadas fueron similares (HR 97% y 30ºC). Conclusiones: La temperatura entregada por el equipo de CNAF fue menor a la programada, pero mantuvo una alta tasa de HR.
Introduction: The high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an oxygen therapy system capable of applying a gas flow of up to 80 Lmin-1 through nasal cannulas. This system is tolerable by the patient due to the fact that the inspired gas is heated and humidified (temperature of 34 37ºC, delivering a relative humidity of 100%). The use of this equipment is increasing, especially in the management of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. However, there is no clarity on the level of humidity it delivers, especially at high flows. Objective: To determine the real humidity delivered by the CNAF to different operating flows. Methods: In vitro study. A Fisher & Paykel® CNAF equipment, AIRVO model, was used. Relative humidity (R.H.) and temperature measurements were performed in an acrylic environmental chamber where the nasal cannula was connected. For the measurement of H.R. and temperature, a digital hygrometer (Veto® Brand, Italy) was used. Each measurement required a time of 30 minutes to achieve a stable value. Measurements were made at flows of 15, 30, 40 and 50 Lmin-1. Results: Measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 21.8 ºC and a relative humidity of 39%. For a flow programmed in the equipment of 15 Lmin-1 and a temperature of 37ºC, a temperature of 28.5ºC is achieved in the environmental chamber, with a relative humidity of 95%. For a programmed flow of 30 Lmin-1 and a temperature of 37ºC, a temperature of 29.8ºC is achieved in the environmental chamber, with a relative humidity of 97%. For operating flows of 40 and 50 Lmin-1, the temperature and relative humidity generated were similar (RH 97% and 30ºC). Conclusions: The temperature delivered by the CNAF team was lower than programmed, but it maintained a high RH rate.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El conocimiento acerca de agentes patógenos presentes en aves silvestres es crucial para la apropiada prevención de eventos de transmisión que puedan afectar a la salud pública y animal. Esta revisión sistemática organiza toda la información disponible acerca de los patógenos virales y bacterianos de las aves silvestres chilenas, determina qué patógenos y órdenes de aves han recibido atención reciente por parte de la comunidad científica local, evalúa cambios en la frecuencia de publicación de artículos e identifica brechas en el conocimiento respecto a estos patógenos. Un total de 35 artículos revisados por pares han sido publicados desde enero de 1941 hasta abril de 2019. Agentes virales fueron evaluados en 11 estudios, mientras que 24 concernieron a bacterias. Los artículos científicos se han publicado mayormente de forma discontinua en años previos al 2006. Salmonella spp. e influenza aviar han sido los patógenos más estudiados con 10 y 8 estudios, respectivamente. Las regiones de Los Ríos y Valparaíso concentran el mayor número de estudios y no se ha realizado investigación en las regiones de O'Higgins, Maule y Aysén. En general, la información acerca de patógenos en aves silvestres es escasa, por lo que es necesario incrementar los esfuerzos para identificar patógenos portados por reservorios aviares y evaluar el riesgo potencial que pueden representar para la conservación de fauna silvestre, producción animal y el sistema de salud pública en Chile.
Abstract Knowledge about pathogenic agents present in wild birds is pivotal to properly prevent transmission events that might threaten public and animal health. This systematic review organizes all information available about viral and bacterial pathogens of Chilean wild birds, determines which pathogens and avian orders have received attention from the local scientific community, evaluates changes in the frequency of article publication, and identifies gaps in knowledge regarding these pathogens. A total of 35 peer-reviewed publications have been published from January 1941 through April 2019. Viral agents were evaluated in 11 studies, while 24 involved bacteria. Article publication has been mostly discontinuous in years prior to 2006. Salmonella spp. and avian influenza have been the most studied pathogens with 10 and 8 studies, respectively. Los Ríos and Valparaíso regions concentrate the highest number of studies and no research has been carried out in O'Higgins, Maule, and Aysén regions. Overall, information about pathogens in wild birds is scarce, highlighting the need for increased effort to identify pathogens being carried by avian reservoirs and evaluate the potential threat that they might pose for wildlife conservation, animal production, and the public health system in Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Influenza in Birds , Animals, Wild , Bacteria , Birds , ChileABSTRACT
Abstract Small mammals play an essential role in the transmission and maintenance cycles of Borrelia spirochetes. In Chile, recent studies have characterized novel Borrelia genotypes in ticks collected from small mammals, a fact that suggests these vertebrates are hosts for spirochetes from this genus. Considering this evidence, the goal of this study was to determine the presence of Borrelia DNA in small mammals inhabiting northern Chile. In winter of 2018, 58 small mammals were captured in five localities. Blood samples were collected from rodents and DNA was extracted to determine the presence of Borrelia DNA by PCR targeting the flaB gene and rrs-rrlA intergenic spacer (IGS). From three individuals (5%), belonging to two rodent species of Cricetidae family (Phyllotis xanthopygus and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus), we retrieved three flaB and two IGS Borrelia genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses performed with both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inferences showed that our sequences grouped with homologous genotypes from the relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis groups. Our findings suggest that P. xanthopygus and O. longicaudatus rodents may play a role as reservoirs for borrelial spirochetes in Chile.
Resumo Pequenos mamíferos possuem um papel essencial na transmissão e manutenção de espiroquetas do gênero Borrelia. No Chile, estudos recentes têm descrito novos genótipos de Borrelia em carrapatos, parasitando pequenos mamíferos. Isso sugere que esses vertebrados podem atuar como possíveis reservatórios dessas espiroquetas. Considerando-se essa evidência, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de DNA de Borrelia em pequenos mamíferos da região norte do Chile. Durante o inverno de 2018, 58 pequenos mamíferos foram capturados em cinco localidades. Amostras de sangue obtidas a partir dos indivíduos capturados foram submetidas à extração de DNA e ensaios de PCR, para a detecção de Borrelia spp. baseados no gene flaB e espaçador intergênico rrs-rrlA (IGS). A partir de três espécimes (5%) pertencentes a duas espécies de roedores da família Cricetidae (Phyllotis xanthopygus e Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) obtiveram-se três genótipos de Borrelia para o gene flaB e dois para IGS. Análises filogenéticas inferidas, usando-se os métodos Bayesiano e de Máxima Verossimilhança, indicaram que as sequências geradas neste estudo agrupam-se com borrelias do grupo da Febre Recorrente e Borreliose de Lyme. Os achados deste estudo sugerem que roedores P. xanthopygus e O. longicaudatus poderiam atuar como possíveis reservatórios para Borrelia spp. no Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rodentia/parasitology , Borrelia/classification , Borrelia/genetics , Ixodes/microbiology , Phylogeny , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Chile , Bayes TheoremABSTRACT
Abstract The Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) is widely distributed in Central and South America. In Chile, information about parasites for this species is limited to helminths and nematodes, and little is known about other parasite groups. This study documents the parasitic fauna present in 80 Neotropic cormorants' carcasses collected from 2001 to 2008 in Antofagasta, Biobío, and Ñuble regions. Birds were externally inspected for ectoparasites and necropsies were performed to examine digestive and respiratory organs in search of endoparasites. Ectoparasites collected were cleared and mounted for identification under a microscope. Fecal samples were also evaluated to determine the presence of protozoan parasites employing a flotation technique. A total of 44 (42.5%) of birds were infested with at least one ectoparasite species, while 77 (96.25%) were carrying endoparasites. No protozoan forms were found after examination. Most prevalent endoparasite species found were Contracaecum rudolphii s. l. (72/80, 90%), followed by Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25%), and Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5%). This is the first report of P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci, and Eidmaniella pelucida in the Neotropic cormorant. These findings also expand the distributional range of Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Hysteromorpha triloba, and P. gyroceras to Chile.
Resumo O Biguá Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) é amplamente distribuído na América Central e na do Sul. No Chile, as informações sobre parasitos para essa espécie são limitadas a helmintos e nematoides, e pouco se sabe sobre outros grupos de parasitos. Este estudo documenta a fauna parasitária presente em 80 biguás coletados de 2001 a 2008, nas regiões de Antofagasta, Biobío e Ñuble. As aves foram inspecionadas externamente em busca de ectoparasitas; adicionalmente, foram realizadas necropsias para examinar os órgãos digestivos e respiratórios em busca de endoparasitos. Os ectoparasitos coletados foram limpos e montados para identificação ao microscópio. As amostras de fezes também foram avaliadas para determinar a presença de parasitos protozoários, empregando-se uma técnica de flutuação. Um total de 44 (42,5%) aves estavam infectadas com pelo menos um ectoparasito, enquanto 77 (96,25%) estavam portando endoparasito. Nenhuma forma de protozoário foi encontrada após o exame. As espécies de endoparasitos mais prevalentes encontradas foram Contracaecum rudolphii (72/80, 90%), Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25%) e Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5%). Este é o primeiro registro de P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci e Eidmaniella pelucida no biguá. Esses resultados também expandem a distribuição de Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Ascocotyle felippei, Hysteromorpha triloba e P. gyroceras no Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasites/classification , Parasites/physiology , Bird Diseases/parasitology , Birds/parasitology , Chile , HelminthsABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar parásitos en heces del huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) presente en áreas naturales protegidas del centro y sur de Chile y evaluar diferencias en la prevalencia de parásitos entre regiones y estaciones del año. Materiales y métodos. 200 muestras de heces de huemul fueron colectadas de distintas localidades de las regiones de Ñuble, Aysén y Magallanes a lo largo de todas las estaciones entre los años 2006 y 2008. Las muestras fueron analizadas utilizando las técnicas de flotación y sedimentación, para ser posteriormente observadas en el microscópio con el objetivo de detectar parásitos. Adicionalmente, se analizaron 124 de estas muestras para determinar la presencia de Fasciola hepatica. Resultados. El 38.0% (n = 76/200) de las muestras analizadas fueron positivas a algún parásito, observándose una prevalencia de 11.8% (n = 2/17) en Ñuble, 22.8% (n = 28/123) en Aysén y un 76.7% (n=46/60) en Magallanes. En Ñuble se encontraron huevos de Moniezia sp., mientras que en Aysén y Magallanes se identificaron huevos tipo Estrongílido, Nematodirus sp. y ooquistes de Eimeria spp. No se evidenció F. hepatica en las muestras analizadas. Se detectan diferencias de parasitismo entre las estaciones (p≤0.05) en Aysén y Magallanes. Conclusiones. La diferencia en la prevalencia y diversidad parasitaria entre regiones incluidas en este estudio pueden estar relacionadas con la disimilitud en la densidad poblacional de huemules y la masa ganadera de cada región. Es necesario continuar con monitoreos parasitológicos en poblaciones de huemul en Chile sur y central y estudiar la relación de esta especie con el ganado y la posible transmisión inter- e intraespecífica de parásitos.
ABSTRACT Objective. Identify parasites in huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) feces from natural protected areas of south-central Chile and evaluate differences in parasite prevalence between regions and seasons. Materials and methods. 200 fecal samples from huemul were collected during all seasons of the year from different localities of the Ñuble, Aysén and Magallanes regions between years 2006 and 2008. Samples were analyzed using flotation and sedimentation techniques and further observed with the microscope in order to detect parasites. Additionally, 124 samples were analyzed to determine the presence of Fasciola hepatica. Results. The 38.0% (n=76/200) of samples were positive to at least one parasite form, evidencing a prevalence of 11.8% (n = 2/17) in Ñuble, 22.8% (n = 28/123) in Aysén and a 76.7% (n=46/60) in Magallanes. Moniezia sp. eggs were found in the Ñuble region, meanwhile, Strongyle-type eggs, Nematodirus sp. eggs and Eimeria spp. oocysts were found in the Aysén and Magallanes regions. There was no evidence of F. hepatica during sample examination. Differences in parasitism were detected between seasons in Aysén and Magallanes (p≤0.05). Conclusions. Aysén and Magallanes regions showed a relatively higher prevalence and diversity of parasites than the Ñuble region. This could be related to differences in density of huemul populations and livestock in each region. Further parasitological surveys in huemul populations from central and southern Chile should be performed in the future. Studies involving the relationship between the huemul and livestock and the potential inter- and intraspecific transmission of parasites are also required.
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasites , Wilderness , FecesABSTRACT
Abstract A total of thirty Austral thrushes Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) carcasses were brought to the Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, to be examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Ectoparasites were found on 20% (6/30) of the thrushes and belonged to species Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera) and Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Endoparasites were isolated from 26.6% (8/30) of the birds and identified as Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula (Cestoda) Schrank, 1788, and Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). To our knowledge, all endoparasites collected in this study are new records in T. falcklandii and expand their distributional range to Chile.
Resumo Um total de trinta carcaças do tordo-austral Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) foi encaminhado ao Departamento de Ciência Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, para ser examinado quanto a presença de parasitas externos e internos. Parasitas externos foram encontrados em 20% (6/30) dos tordos inspecionados e identificados como Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera), e Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Parasitas internos foram identificados em 26,6% (8/30) dos espécimes examinados como Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula sensu Schrank, 1788 (Cestoda) e Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). Tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, todos os parasitas internos coletados neste estudo pertencem a novos registros em T. falcklandii e com expansão de sua distribuição para o Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bird Diseases/diagnosis , Songbirds/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Bird Diseases/pathology , Chile , Ectoparasitic Infestations/diagnosis , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitologyABSTRACT
This study organizes all available information about viral and bacterial pathogens of wild mammals in Chile. This was done in order to identify pathogens that have been well-documented and recognize those that have not been properly studied, determine the number of articles that have been published annually about this topic and identify regions in Chile that concentrate the highest and lowest number of studies concerning viral and bacterial pathogens. A total of 67 scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 1951 to 2018 were selected for revision. Results indicate that the number of publications has increased per decade but there are years in which no articles were published. Most studies addressed Leptospira, rabies, hantavirus, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and distemper. Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera and Cetartiodactyla were the most studied mammal orders. Information about presence/absence of pathogens was found for 44 wild mammal species. Research was mainly carried out in central and southern Chile and the most commonly employed methods for pathogen diagnosis were serology and molecular techniques. Overall, research in wild mammals has been directed towards the evaluation of zoonotic diseases, while vector-borne and non-zoonotic diseases have been mostly neglected by the scientific community over the years.
Subject(s)
Animals , Zoonoses/microbiology , Zoonoses/virology , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Animals, Wild/virology , Mammals/microbiology , Mammals/virology , Time Factors , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Infections/transmission , Virus Diseases/transmission , Virus Diseases/virology , Zoonoses/transmission , Bibliometrics , ChileABSTRACT
Resumen Este estudio organiza toda la información disponible acerca de los patógenos virales y bacterianos de mamíferos silvestres en Chile. Esto fue realizado con el objetivo de identificar patógenos que han sido bien documentados y reconocer aquellos que no han sido apropiadamente estudiados, determinar el número de artículos que han sido publicados anualmente acerca de este tópico e identificar las regiones en Chile que han concentrado el mayor y menor número de estudios relacionados con patógenos virales y bacterianos. Para lograr esto, se seleccionó para revisión un total de 67 artículos científicos publicados en revistas evaluadas por pares desde 1951 al 2018. Los resultados indican que el número de publicaciones ha incrementado por década y hay años en los cuales no se publicaron artículos. La mayoría de los estudios se relacionan con Leptospira, rabia, hantavirus, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) y distémper. Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera y Cetartiodactyla fueron los órdenes de mamíferos más estudiados. Información acerca de la presencia/ausencia de patógenos fue encontrada en 44 especies de mamíferos silvestres. La mayor parte de las investigaciones buscaron patógenos en Chile sur y central y los métodos de diagnóstico más empleados para el diagnóstico de patógenos fueron serología y técnicas moleculares. En general, la investigación en mamíferos silvestres ha sido dirigida a la evaluación de enfermedades zoonóticas, mientras que aquellas enfermedades transmitidas por vectores y enfermedades no zoonóticas han sido mayormente ignoradas por la comunidad científica.
This study organizes all available information about viral and bacterial pathogens of wild mammals in Chile. This was done in order to identify pathogens that have been well-documented and recognize those that have not been properly studied, determine the number of articles that have been published annually about this topic and identify regions in Chile that concentrate the highest and lowest number of studies concerning viral and bacterial pathogens. A total of 67 scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 1951 to 2018 were selected for revision. Results indicate that the number of publications has increased per decade but there are years in which no articles were published. Most studies addressed Leptospira, rabies, hantavirus, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and distemper. Rodentia, Carnivora, Chiroptera and Cetartiodactyla were the most studied mammal orders. Information about presence/absence of pathogens was found for 44 wild mammal species. Research was mainly carried out in central and southern Chile and the most commonly employed methods for pathogen diagnosis were serology and molecular techniques. Overall, research in Chilean wild mammals has been directed towards the evaluation of zoonotic diseases, while vector-borne and non-zoonotic diseases have been mostly neglected by the scientific community.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacteria/pathogenicity , Viruses/pathogenicity , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Animals, Wild/virology , Mammals/microbiology , Mammals/virology , Time Factors , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Infections/transmission , Virus Diseases/transmission , Virus Diseases/virology , Zoonoses/microbiology , Zoonoses/transmission , Zoonoses/virology , Bibliometrics , ChileABSTRACT
Abstract A total of 97 southern silvery grebes (Podiceps occipitalis), which died as the result of an oil spill on the coast of central Chile, were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Two lice species including Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) and Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae) were found from 6.2% (6/97) of birds. In 91.7% (89/97) of cases, grebes were infected with some kind of helminths. Three species of gastrointestinal helminths were detected: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala), and Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). In addition, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) was removed from the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal articulation in 13.4% (13/97) of the specimens examined. To our knowledge, these are the first records of A. rollandii, E. contortus, and Confluaria sp. as parasites of P. occipitalis. In addition, these findings expand the distributional range of A. rollandii, E. contortus, P. fulicaeatrae, and Confluaria sp. to Chile.
Resumo Um total de 97 mergulhões-de-orelha-amarela (Podiceps occipitalis), que morreram devido a um derramamento de óleo na costa do Chile central, foram examinados em busca de parasitos internos e externos. Parasitos externos foram encontrados em 6,2% (6/97) das aves, com a identificação de duas espécies de piolhos: Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) e Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae). Em 91,7% (89/97) dos casos, os mergulhões apresentaram algum tipo de parasito interno. Foram detectadas três espécies de parasitos gastrointestinais: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala) e Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). Além disso, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) foi isolado das articulação tibiotársica e tarsometatarsal em 13,4% (13/97) das aves examinados. Estes resultados correspondem ao primeiro relato de A. rollandii, E. contortus e Confluaria sp. associados com P. occipitalis, e expandem a distribuição destes parasitos e P. fulicaeatrae para o Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Bird Diseases/parasitology , Birds/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/veterinary , Chile , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitologyABSTRACT
Abstract A total of 277 rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae), were examined for external parasites. The birds were captured using mist nets in seven locations in northern and central Chile. Additionally, seven carcasses from central Chile (the Biobío region) were necropsied to evaluate the presence of endoparasite infection. Ectoparasites were found on 35.8% (99/277) of the examined birds and they were represented by the following arthropods: feather mites Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), and Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae); a louse Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera); and ticks Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae). Two of the seven necropsied carcasses were infected with the acanthocephalan Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). To our knowledge, this study reports P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum, and M. papillosus for the first time for Z. capensis and expands the distributional range for T. capensis to Chile.
Resumo Um total de 277 tico-tico Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae) foram examinados em busca de ectoparasitos. As aves foram capturadas com redes em sete localidades do norte e centro do Chile. Além disso, sete carcaças do centro Chile (Região de Biobío) foram examinadas para avaliar a infecção por endoparasitos. Ectoparasitos foram encontrados em 35,8% (99/277) das aves examinadas com a identificação dos ácaros Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae) e Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae), piolho Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) e carrapatos Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidea) e Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidea). Duas das sete carcaças examinadas foram infectadas com o Acantocephala Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). Para o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo para descrever P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum e M. papillosus em Z. capensis e expande a distribuição de T. capensis ao Chile.